Solar-Powered IoT-Based Nutrient Supply Automation for Supporting the Performance of Hydroponic Farming Systems
Otomatisasi Pasokan Nutrisi Berbasis IoT dan Tenaga Surya untuk Mendukung Kinerja Sistem Pertanian Hidroponik
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21070/jeeeu.v10i2.1758Keywords:
nutrient supply automation, hydroponics, Internet of Things, solar energy, ESP32Abstract
Pasokan nutrisi yang andal merupakan penentu utama kinerja sistem hidroponik skala kecil, namun banyak sistem Internet of Things (IoT) masih bergantung pada pengambilan keputusan berbasis cloud dan listrik jaringan, sehingga berhenti bekerja ketika jaringan atau pasokan listrik tidak tersedia. Studi ini merancang dan mengevaluasi secara fungsional sistem otomatisasi pasokan nutrisi IoT bertenaga surya untuk hidroponik. Sistem ini mengintegrasikan ESP32, jam waktu nyata (RTC) DS3231, sensor DHT11, sensor Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), dua pompa dosis nutrisi, pompa submersible 40 W, modul relai, LCD, dan pelaporan tiga saluran melalui Blynk, Telegram, dan Google Spreadsheet setiap 10 detik. Lapisan energi merupakan pembangkit fotovoltaik mandiri yang terdiri dari modul 450 Wp, pengontrol pengisian daya surya MPPT 24 V, baterai LiFePO4 8S 25,6 V 100 Ah (2.560 Wh), inverter 3.000 W, dan konverter DC-DC 24 V ke 5 V. Kebaruannya terletak pada kombinasi otonomi pengambilan keputusan melalui dosis ambang batas 400 ppm, otonomi waktu melalui penjadwalan lokal yang didukung RTC, dan otonomi energi dalam satu sistem. Validasi mencakup lima dimensi: konsistensi pembacaan lingkungan, ketepatan waktu, keandalan aktuasi, ketersediaan pemantauan, dan kecukupan keseimbangan energi. Pengujian mencatat suhu 29,1-31,2 derajat Celcius, kelembapan relatif 62-68%, deviasi RTC 0 detik selama lima hari, dan keandalan eksekusi dan aktuasi jadwal 100%. Pemantauan lapangan mencatat penurunan nutrisi dari 397 menjadi 386 ppm dengan EC 0,6000-0,6200 mS/cm. Neraca energi menunjukkan pembangkitan 1.350 Wh/hari dibandingkan dengan 42 Wh/hari (inverter on-demand) atau 398 Wh/hari (inverter kontinu), memberikan rasio kecukupan 32x dan 3,4x. Kerugian siaga inverter, bukan pompa, yang mengatur neraca energi.
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