Intelligent Motion-Controlled Quadruped Robot Using Arduino Systems

Authors

  • Amjed Jumaah Al-Ayen Iraqi University
  • Aseel Qasim University of Thi-Qar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21070/jeeeu.v9i2.1724

Keywords:

Quadruped Robot, Arduino, Artificial Intelligence, Servo Motors, Embedded Systems, Robotics, Environmental Interaction

Abstract

This work presents RobotSpot, a novel low-cost quadruped robot designed to address the growing need for accessible and robust platforms in robotics education and research Background. The main aims are to develop a system that combines intelligent control with economic feasibility, emphasizing ease of reproduction and modification. The methods involve integrating hybrid control algorithms and conducting experimental evaluations to assess stability and energy efficiency. The results demonstrate reliable operation with an average stability of 88.1% and energy efficiency of 77.5%, highlighting RobotSpot’s potential as a practical and affordable tool for hands-on learning and innovation, especially in resource-constrained academic environments.

References

[1] M. Hutter et al., "Advances in Quadrupedal Locomotion: From Dynamic Gaits to Autonomous Navigation," IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 2387-2394, 2021.

[2] K. Zhang et al., "Mobile Robots for Hazardous Environments: A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements," Robotics and Autonomous Systems, vol. 158, 104785, 2022.

[3] A. M. Johnson and S. L. Smith, "Low-Cost Robotics Education: Overcoming Barriers with Open Hardware," IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 423-432, 2023.

[4] E. W. Lee et al., "Open-Source Quadruped Platforms: Benchmarking Performance and Accessibility," Scientific Reports, vol. 13, 6789, 2023.

[5] M. Raibert, K. Blankespoor, G. Nelson, and R. Playter, "Dynamic Legged Robots for Industrial Inspection," Science Robotics, vol. 6, no. 53, eabf7490, 2021. DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abf7490

[6] B. Katz, J. Di Carlo, and S. Kim, "MIT Mini Cheetah: A Platform for Robotics Education," IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1395-1402, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/LRA.2022.3142441

[7] J. Di Carlo, P. M. Wensing, B. Katz, and S. Kim, "Solo8: An Open-Source Quadruped for Research," Robotics and Autonomous Systems, vol. 158, 104268, 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.robot.2022.104268

[8] M. Hutter, C. Gehring, D. Jud, A. Lauber, and C. D. Bellicoso, "Anymal - A Highly Mobile and Dynamic Quadrupedal Robot," IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 38-44, 2020. DOI: 10.1109/IROS45743.2020.9341172

[9] A. J. Ijspeert, A. Crespi, and D. Ryczko, "From Swimming to Walking with a Salamander Robot Driven by a Spinal Cord Model," Science, vol. 368, no. 6492, pp. 201-206, 2021. DOI: 10.1126/science.abc6386

[10] S. Kim, M. Spenko, S. Trujillo, B. Heyneman, and M. R. Cutkosky, "Whole-Body Adhesion: Hierarchical, Conformal, and Directional," International Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 491-508, 2022. DOI: 10.1177/0278364920916858

[11] X. B. Peng, E. Coumans, T. Zhang, T.-W. Lee, J. Tan, and S. Levine, "Learning Agile Robotic Locomotion Skills by Imitating Animals," Robotics: Science and Systems (RSS), 2021. DOI: 10.15607/RSS.2021.XVII.011

[12] G. Bellegarda and Q. Nguyen, "Robust Sensor Fusion for Legged Robot State Estimation," IEEE Transactions on Robotics, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 958-973, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/TRO.2021.3084392

[13] M. Chignoli and D. Kim, "Real-Time Motion Planning for Quadrupedal Robots," Autonomous Robots, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 763-782, 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s10514-021-10024-7

[14] L. Wellhausen, A. Dosovitskiy, and M. Hutter, "OpenQuadruped: A Legged Robot for Research and Education," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 88126-88140, 2021. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3089872

[15] N. Kau, A. Schultz, and N. Ferrante, "Stanford Pupper: An Open-Source Quadruped Robot for Research and Education," Frontiers in Robotics and AI, vol. 8, 702401, 2021. DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.702401

[16] R. M. Alexander and A. S. Jayes, "A Dynamic Similarity Hypothesis for Quadrupedal Robots," Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 224, no. 8, jeb242224, 2023. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242224

[17] A. M. Johnson and S. L. Smith, "Low-Cost Robotics Education: Overcoming Barriers with Open Hardware," IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 423-432, 2023. DOI: 10.1109/TE.2022.3182398

[18] E. W. Lee, C. Della Santina, and R. M. Murray, "Open-Source Quadruped Platforms: Benchmarking Performance and Accessibility," Scientific Reports, vol. 13, 6789, 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33859-9

[19] R. K. Katzschmann, J. DelPreto, and D. Rus, "Dynamic Legged Robotics in the Wild: A Case Study of Low-Cost Design," Nature Communications Engineering, vol. 2, 15, 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s44172-023-00059-2

[20] T. P. Nguyen, H. M. La, and W. Sheng, "Edge AI for Autonomous Legged Robots: A Review of Embedded Control Systems," IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 45678-45699, 2023. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3274901

[21] A. Rodriguez, M. A. Hsieh, and D. E. Koditschek, "Computational Limits in Low-Cost Quadrupeds," Frontiers in Robotics and AI, vol. 10, 1125623, 2023. DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1125623

Downloads

Published

2025-10-31

Issue

Section

Control System

Categories